Electronic cigarette is a kind of imitation cigarettes electronic products, by atomizing the nicotine into a vapor allows users to smoke, mainly by the smoke pipe, atomizer and battery of three parts, allowing users to generate the feeling of smoking cigarettes. Attitude towards the world of electronic cigarettes vary, some opposition, some believe that it can serve as a substitute for cigarettes and help smokers quit, there's no clear statement. However, recently the UK Drug Administration agency (MHRA) is an electronic cigarette issued permit, which was identified as drugs, may appear in future NHS prescriptions issued in the approval.
The MHRA approval is obtained BAT Group's electronic cigarette e-Voke, future doctors may be prescribing as a smoking cessation aid.
In the long run, e-Voke before quitting aids as possible to help the NHS would save a lot of money, but in the UK's National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) finds its value for money and posting guidelines, is not yet able to into the health insurance.
Although the electronic cigarette gained recognition MHRA and some experts, however, the long-term safety regulation remains an issue, WHO recommendations should prevent users from using electronic cigarettes indoors.
Just a few weeks ago, the University of California researchers published a paper, electronic cigarettes may not be safer than cigarettes in the Oral Oncology. As electronic cigarettes are smoked by atomizing nicotine allows users, although avoiding other harmful substances in tobacco produced in the combustion process, but nicotine itself is still possible to damage DNA and cause cancer. Tim Ballard of the Royal College of General Practitioners also said that before there is sufficient evidence to prove the safety of electronic cigarettes and help smokers quit effectiveness, they will not let the electronic cigarette appears in the prescription.
In terms of security of electronic cigarettes last year, the British public health system has released an independent review of the report, which represents the electronic cigarette safety than traditional cigarettes 95 percent. However, the spokesman for the British Ministry of Health or stressed, for their own health, smokers better quit completely.
Tobacco leads to 100,000 deaths each year, more than eighty percent of lung cancer and oral cancer and throat cancer and other 13 kinds of cancers are caused by smoking. Quitting tobacco control is an important means to improve national health, smoking away from the source of this bad behavior, is the most effective tobacco control measures
2016年1月6日星期三
Low life contribute to weight loss? - Gut microbes in trouble
If only to reduce the body's thermostat a few weeks the state will be able to play a slimming effect, sound is not that great? Researchers have recently discovered that this is indeed a viable option, at least in mice can produce short-term results. The reason, perhaps the bacteria in their intestinal trouble.
Gastroenterology experts from the University of Minnesota's Alexander Khoruts said the study found a new microbial community on physiological characteristics of the host. Such research may eventually help us find the key substance secreted by microorganisms to help control people's weight.
Gut microbes refers intestinal parasites in the host bacteria and other life forms. A series of studies have shown that gut microbes involved in a number of physiological activities of the body, affecting a large range. In order to further understanding, from the University of Geneva in Switzerland physiologist Mirko Trajkovski, who for the relationship between the gut microbiota and metabolism study conducted in-depth. Previous studies have told them some gut microbes once missing, the body temperature of the environment will no longer be able to maintain body temperature. He therefore considered the gut microbes and the body temperature control, and there may be some link between body weight.
In order to clarify this issue, they analyzed the types of experimental mice intestinal parasitic microorganisms. These mice optimum temperature is 21 degrees life, the temperature was lowered to 6-11 degrees, for a period of one month (to be placed in the wild mice similar living environment). During the experiment the researchers continuously measures body temperature of mice, sampling their droppings, and wickedness of some other metabolic indicators, such as insulin intake and fat accumulation of species.
Under normal circumstances, the body weight of mice with age becomes larger increase in body temperature constant. Test, low temperature processing can instantly reduce the body temperature, so the mice had to burn fat for energy. While blood glucose levels will be reduced, increasing the sensitivity of mice to insulin. In addition, they are also types of intestinal microbial change significantly. A class called Akkermansia muciniphila bacteria (often associated with obesity and diabetes are closely related) disappear. Once this happens, the mouse will no longer be able to skillfully digest food to produce energy. The author's research results published in the "cell" the latest issue of the magazine.
However, a week after treatment, weight loss trend began to stop, intestinal ability to absorb energy and begin to recover. Anatomy of the test results showed that the mice increased intestinal surface area, thus the efficiency of digestion of food increased.
In order to examine whether changes in microbial species produce these physiological changes. Researchers microbes living cryogenic mice removed and transferred to a sterile normal mice treated intestine. The results show that these mice with previous similar weight loss phenomenon.
Gastroenterology experts from the University of Minnesota's Alexander Khoruts said the study found a new microbial community on physiological characteristics of the host. Such research may eventually help us find the key substance secreted by microorganisms to help control people's weight.
Gut microbes refers intestinal parasites in the host bacteria and other life forms. A series of studies have shown that gut microbes involved in a number of physiological activities of the body, affecting a large range. In order to further understanding, from the University of Geneva in Switzerland physiologist Mirko Trajkovski, who for the relationship between the gut microbiota and metabolism study conducted in-depth. Previous studies have told them some gut microbes once missing, the body temperature of the environment will no longer be able to maintain body temperature. He therefore considered the gut microbes and the body temperature control, and there may be some link between body weight.
In order to clarify this issue, they analyzed the types of experimental mice intestinal parasitic microorganisms. These mice optimum temperature is 21 degrees life, the temperature was lowered to 6-11 degrees, for a period of one month (to be placed in the wild mice similar living environment). During the experiment the researchers continuously measures body temperature of mice, sampling their droppings, and wickedness of some other metabolic indicators, such as insulin intake and fat accumulation of species.
Under normal circumstances, the body weight of mice with age becomes larger increase in body temperature constant. Test, low temperature processing can instantly reduce the body temperature, so the mice had to burn fat for energy. While blood glucose levels will be reduced, increasing the sensitivity of mice to insulin. In addition, they are also types of intestinal microbial change significantly. A class called Akkermansia muciniphila bacteria (often associated with obesity and diabetes are closely related) disappear. Once this happens, the mouse will no longer be able to skillfully digest food to produce energy. The author's research results published in the "cell" the latest issue of the magazine.
However, a week after treatment, weight loss trend began to stop, intestinal ability to absorb energy and begin to recover. Anatomy of the test results showed that the mice increased intestinal surface area, thus the efficiency of digestion of food increased.
In order to examine whether changes in microbial species produce these physiological changes. Researchers microbes living cryogenic mice removed and transferred to a sterile normal mice treated intestine. The results show that these mice with previous similar weight loss phenomenon.
Metoprolol Tartrate
Product name: Metoprolol Tartrate
CAS no.: 56392-17-7
Molecular Formula: 2C15H25NO3.C4H6O6
Molecular Weight: 684.82
Product description: Used to treat high blood pressure and angina pectoris.
2016年1月5日星期二
2015 Biomedical Development Review
United States
Brain research has made new achievements, medicine and disease prevention has made a number of major breakthroughs in synthetic biology achievement scene.
Subject Field (newspaper reporter stationed in the United States) in 2015, American scientists made a major breakthrough in the field of brain research: in August, Ohio State University to breed almost fully formed human brain in the laboratory, although it has only a pencil eraser then large, the degree of development and a 5-week-old fetal brain quite, yet there is no awareness, but with the vast majority of cell types and brain function, and can be like the human brain gene expression, using it can help scientists to test new drugs and more more understanding of the disease mechanisms of the brain; in September, the University of Washington research team completed the most complex human brain directly connected experiments, they used a brain - brain directly connected, so five pairs of subjects brain signals transmitted via the Internet to play Answers game. This trial was the first proof of two brain can be connected directly, and without sound, one can accurately guess the other ideas. In addition, US scientists have drawn a hyperfine 3D mouse brain atlas, the map by a series of high-definition image mosaic, individual nerve cells in the nanometer scale never before visible.
The field of vaccine research and design: a number of research institutions and enterprises involved in the development of Ebola vaccine has been a period or completion of Phase II human clinical trials. University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign by "genome mining" technology searched for 10,000 kinds of bacteria, with four years discovered 19 kinds of previously unknown natural phosphates new products, each of which is expected to become a potential new drugs, one of which has been confirmed as antibiotics.
Cancer research: The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first treatment of melanoma and other cancers-viral drugs, and its core is the use of a modified engineering herpes virus, without harming healthy cells to kill destroy cancer cells, and trigger anti-cancer immune response in the human body; the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center found that whole-genome sequencing can identify cancer risk cancer family background of the crowd, to improve the diagnosis of genetic variation in the ability of cancerous tendency; Harvard University use Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) microscopy techniques, without fluorescently labeled molecular mechanism that is observed in vivo skin cell division process, DNA, cells can interfere with normal development without understanding the extent of the cancer cells.
AIDS Study: Gene therapy based on "strong" new drug eCD4-Ig can prevent a variety of known strains of HIV infection, rhesus monkey tests showed its effectiveness is much higher than existing best broad-spectrum anti- Ai drugs. The new drug by pretending the virus "shut out" - cause the body to produce two kinds of receptors CD4 and CCR5 "cottage" goods, "spoofing" the AIDS virus binds, thereby losing the opportunity for the virus to enter the body. US researchers have developed a probe called "molecular microscope", it is possible to accurately detect the AIDS virus hides in the land of intracellular ultimately can help clarify the AIDS virus for a long time remaining answers, so as to be completely from the body Clear.
Basic medical research areas: US researchers have found that a key component of one associated with depression - fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9) protein and its content in the brains of patients with depression is much higher than non-depressed patients; Northwestern University Researchers studying nematode found that when the animals reach reproductive maturity, a genetic switch will open the aging process, but also protect the body from aging; Johns Hopkins University found that a magnetic separation column containing magnetic nanoparticles means to accelerate the generation of T cells, whose ultimate goal is to train T cells in the patient's blood sample and to increase their number, and finally put them back in the patient's body, the device helps to knock on the door of immunotherapy; the University of California San Francisco using gene editing technology CRISPR / Cas9 precise modification of human T cells; Harvard Medical School to capture the pigs to become one of the biggest difficulties of human organ donors - sever porcine endogenous retroviruses in vivo re-transplant recipients the possibility of activation, is expected to make the pig organ donor to become human.
Aspects of synthetic biology: Duke University researchers used biopsy cells, for the first time in the laboratory to produce a can shrink and respond to external stimuli human skeletal muscle, it can be like natural human tissues to external electrical pulses and pharmaceuticals to stimulate the biochemical signals make the same reaction; MGH researchers used acellular technology to create a method of constructing artificial biological limbs and blood vessels and have successfully bred a mouse forelimb muscle tissue; University of Illinois at Chicago and Northwestern University developed An artificial ribosome, they can be as natural as ribosomes in the cell to produce proteins and enzymes for the production of new drugs and the next generation of biological material and understanding the ribosome function provides assistance; Stanford University to create a flexible, can change color The pressure-sensitive material, touching the intensity is different, the color will change with, become the closest date chameleon skin of synthetic material; US scientists first bred with human cells can sound artificial vocal cord tissue, animal experiments show that the organization able to grow normally and did not elicit an immune response, which offers hope to patients who have lost the vocal cords; US researchers extracted stem cells from human skin more genetic recombination, and encouraged a owner of micro-ventricular heart cells, this " little heart "can be as heart beating like a full-size, can replace animal experiments which, screening new drugs or testing drugs affect the baby.
Brain research has made new achievements, medicine and disease prevention has made a number of major breakthroughs in synthetic biology achievement scene.
Subject Field (newspaper reporter stationed in the United States) in 2015, American scientists made a major breakthrough in the field of brain research: in August, Ohio State University to breed almost fully formed human brain in the laboratory, although it has only a pencil eraser then large, the degree of development and a 5-week-old fetal brain quite, yet there is no awareness, but with the vast majority of cell types and brain function, and can be like the human brain gene expression, using it can help scientists to test new drugs and more more understanding of the disease mechanisms of the brain; in September, the University of Washington research team completed the most complex human brain directly connected experiments, they used a brain - brain directly connected, so five pairs of subjects brain signals transmitted via the Internet to play Answers game. This trial was the first proof of two brain can be connected directly, and without sound, one can accurately guess the other ideas. In addition, US scientists have drawn a hyperfine 3D mouse brain atlas, the map by a series of high-definition image mosaic, individual nerve cells in the nanometer scale never before visible.
The field of vaccine research and design: a number of research institutions and enterprises involved in the development of Ebola vaccine has been a period or completion of Phase II human clinical trials. University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign by "genome mining" technology searched for 10,000 kinds of bacteria, with four years discovered 19 kinds of previously unknown natural phosphates new products, each of which is expected to become a potential new drugs, one of which has been confirmed as antibiotics.
Cancer research: The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first treatment of melanoma and other cancers-viral drugs, and its core is the use of a modified engineering herpes virus, without harming healthy cells to kill destroy cancer cells, and trigger anti-cancer immune response in the human body; the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center found that whole-genome sequencing can identify cancer risk cancer family background of the crowd, to improve the diagnosis of genetic variation in the ability of cancerous tendency; Harvard University use Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) microscopy techniques, without fluorescently labeled molecular mechanism that is observed in vivo skin cell division process, DNA, cells can interfere with normal development without understanding the extent of the cancer cells.
AIDS Study: Gene therapy based on "strong" new drug eCD4-Ig can prevent a variety of known strains of HIV infection, rhesus monkey tests showed its effectiveness is much higher than existing best broad-spectrum anti- Ai drugs. The new drug by pretending the virus "shut out" - cause the body to produce two kinds of receptors CD4 and CCR5 "cottage" goods, "spoofing" the AIDS virus binds, thereby losing the opportunity for the virus to enter the body. US researchers have developed a probe called "molecular microscope", it is possible to accurately detect the AIDS virus hides in the land of intracellular ultimately can help clarify the AIDS virus for a long time remaining answers, so as to be completely from the body Clear.
Basic medical research areas: US researchers have found that a key component of one associated with depression - fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9) protein and its content in the brains of patients with depression is much higher than non-depressed patients; Northwestern University Researchers studying nematode found that when the animals reach reproductive maturity, a genetic switch will open the aging process, but also protect the body from aging; Johns Hopkins University found that a magnetic separation column containing magnetic nanoparticles means to accelerate the generation of T cells, whose ultimate goal is to train T cells in the patient's blood sample and to increase their number, and finally put them back in the patient's body, the device helps to knock on the door of immunotherapy; the University of California San Francisco using gene editing technology CRISPR / Cas9 precise modification of human T cells; Harvard Medical School to capture the pigs to become one of the biggest difficulties of human organ donors - sever porcine endogenous retroviruses in vivo re-transplant recipients the possibility of activation, is expected to make the pig organ donor to become human.
Aspects of synthetic biology: Duke University researchers used biopsy cells, for the first time in the laboratory to produce a can shrink and respond to external stimuli human skeletal muscle, it can be like natural human tissues to external electrical pulses and pharmaceuticals to stimulate the biochemical signals make the same reaction; MGH researchers used acellular technology to create a method of constructing artificial biological limbs and blood vessels and have successfully bred a mouse forelimb muscle tissue; University of Illinois at Chicago and Northwestern University developed An artificial ribosome, they can be as natural as ribosomes in the cell to produce proteins and enzymes for the production of new drugs and the next generation of biological material and understanding the ribosome function provides assistance; Stanford University to create a flexible, can change color The pressure-sensitive material, touching the intensity is different, the color will change with, become the closest date chameleon skin of synthetic material; US scientists first bred with human cells can sound artificial vocal cord tissue, animal experiments show that the organization able to grow normally and did not elicit an immune response, which offers hope to patients who have lost the vocal cords; US researchers extracted stem cells from human skin more genetic recombination, and encouraged a owner of micro-ventricular heart cells, this " little heart "can be as heart beating like a full-size, can replace animal experiments which, screening new drugs or testing drugs affect the baby.
Kratom extract price
Product name:Kratom extract
Description:Kratom is one of the most popular drugs today. It comes from Southeast Asia and the leaves of it have been used in herbal drug.
Thomson Reuters 2015 Global DRUG Hall of Fame
The global total of 49 new molecular entities (NME) and biological drugs approved and marketed for the first time. In addition, worldwide, has been listed drugs has 29 major product line extension was approved for the first time, including new indications, new formulations or new Compound; 21 new molecular entities in the world's first approved, but not yet listed.
Although these figures show that runs the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries as a whole is good, but compared to last year's global listing of 59 new drugs, the number decreased. However, far more important to the quality of quantity, 2015 listing of new drugs, there are some very distinguished members.
Most new cancer drugs for decades
For cancer patients, this is worth celebrating, since 2015 listed over the past decade the number of new cancer drugs most of the year. Overall, the global total of 14 new cancer drugs to market for the first time.
Wherein the multiple myeloma is the most obvious area. In 2015, there are four new drug approved for multiple myeloma and listed. Prior to this, there have been ten years no new drugs for multiple myeloma, and several on the market only a handful of drugs. Chairman of the Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation borrow Walter Capone's words, in 2015, for the United States 90,000 this rare blood cancer patients, is a "watershed."
Although these figures show that runs the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries as a whole is good, but compared to last year's global listing of 59 new drugs, the number decreased. However, far more important to the quality of quantity, 2015 listing of new drugs, there are some very distinguished members.
Most new cancer drugs for decades
For cancer patients, this is worth celebrating, since 2015 listed over the past decade the number of new cancer drugs most of the year. Overall, the global total of 14 new cancer drugs to market for the first time.
Wherein the multiple myeloma is the most obvious area. In 2015, there are four new drug approved for multiple myeloma and listed. Prior to this, there have been ten years no new drugs for multiple myeloma, and several on the market only a handful of drugs. Chairman of the Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation borrow Walter Capone's words, in 2015, for the United States 90,000 this rare blood cancer patients, is a "watershed."
Vitamin D deficiency is apt to cause stress fractures
"Vitamin D levels can influence the body's calcium and phosphorus in food intake element", the first author of the article, the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Jason R Miller said.
They found that the amount of calcium in patients with insufficient levels of vitamin D intake of only 10% to 15% of the ordinary people, phosphoric acid and intake of 50% -60%. "As a result, inadequate intake of these elements results in a lower degree of mineralization of bone tissue."
However, the authors also pointed out that the degree of vitamin D deficiency in these patients can be predicted to get. "To ensure that fully functional bone health was the lowest 25-hydration serum vitamin D levels still inconclusive." However, "we hope to establish a standard vitamin D content by way of discussion, suggesting that patients risk for stress fractures."
Stress fractures are usually sports injury, when the bone pressure greater than its maximum pressure to withstand stress fracture will occur events. The researchers analyzed data from the period 2011 to 2014, Miller's 124 doctors diagnosed a stress fracture of patients' records, the results showed: serum 53 patients during the 25-month average concentration of vitamin D was 31.1 hydration ng / ml. Where the content is less than 44 patients 40ng / ml, according to the standard vitamin D committee, this value indicates vitamin D deficiency; in addition, there are 28 patients with vitamin D levels less than 30ng / ml.
One-third of patients with second metatarsal stress fracture occurred, 17.6% in the third metatarsal stress fractures occurred.
"Studies have reported the content of 25- hydrated before contacting vitamin D and stress fractures among the lowest they recommended serum levels of vitamin D can not be less than 40ng / mg, especially for the physical activity needs of the larger population." .
They found that the amount of calcium in patients with insufficient levels of vitamin D intake of only 10% to 15% of the ordinary people, phosphoric acid and intake of 50% -60%. "As a result, inadequate intake of these elements results in a lower degree of mineralization of bone tissue."
However, the authors also pointed out that the degree of vitamin D deficiency in these patients can be predicted to get. "To ensure that fully functional bone health was the lowest 25-hydration serum vitamin D levels still inconclusive." However, "we hope to establish a standard vitamin D content by way of discussion, suggesting that patients risk for stress fractures."
Stress fractures are usually sports injury, when the bone pressure greater than its maximum pressure to withstand stress fracture will occur events. The researchers analyzed data from the period 2011 to 2014, Miller's 124 doctors diagnosed a stress fracture of patients' records, the results showed: serum 53 patients during the 25-month average concentration of vitamin D was 31.1 hydration ng / ml. Where the content is less than 44 patients 40ng / ml, according to the standard vitamin D committee, this value indicates vitamin D deficiency; in addition, there are 28 patients with vitamin D levels less than 30ng / ml.
One-third of patients with second metatarsal stress fracture occurred, 17.6% in the third metatarsal stress fractures occurred.
"Studies have reported the content of 25- hydrated before contacting vitamin D and stress fractures among the lowest they recommended serum levels of vitamin D can not be less than 40ng / mg, especially for the physical activity needs of the larger population." .
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